Copper is a trace mineral found in every cell in the body that many enzymes depend on for a wide variety of physiological processes because of its ability to handle oxygen. It is vital in the formation of hemoglobin, a blood component that carries oxygen. Copper also plays a role in the development of collagen and elastin, proteins that are found in bones and connective tissues. Copper is also a main component in the production of melanin, the pigment that gives the hair, eyes and skin its color.

In the body, copper acts as a catalyst for the oxidation and absorption of iron that is transported to tissues where it is needed. Copper is also a powerful antioxidant with copper-dependent enzymes preventing tissue and cell damage from free radicals.

Copper deficiency is rare but has a wide variety of symptoms due to the fact that copper takes part in many of the body’s functions and processes. Deficiency is seen usually in malnourished infants and children that are fed with low copper-containing formula or those who have low protein intake. Deficiency can also be caused by presence of excessive zinc resulting in copper malabsorption. In children, copper deficiency results in disruption of growth and inadequate metabolism. Adults experience impairment of blood flow through arteries and susceptibility to infections due to poor immunity. Individuals who are also at risk for copper deficiency suffer from conditions such as chronic diarrhea and Crohn’s disease. Other symptoms related to copper deficiency are iron deficiency anemia, bone abnormalities and problems such as osteoporosis, increase of LDL cholesterol and decrease in HDL cholesterol, heart problems, skin irritations, loss of hair and skin pigment, and fatigue. To prevent deficiency of copper, copper-rich foods must be included in the regular diet. Excellent sources of copper include seafoods, nuts and seeds, organ meats, water, calf’s liver, mushrooms, turnip greens, asparagus, kale, mustard greens, tomatoes, and ginger.

Copper toxicity from natural sources is highly unlikely. However, large doses of copper supplements can lead to toxicity. Most recently, toxicity is increasing due to high levels of copper found in drinking water from copper pipes. Individuals who are at high-risk for copper toxicity have conditions related to liver disease. High levels of copper can lead to a condition called Wilson’s disease, a disorder characterized by buildup of copper in organs such as kidneys, brain and liver. High levels of copper also contributes to medical conditions such as hypertension, insomnia, autism, muscle and joint pain, premenstrual syndrome, hyperactive behavior in children, dyslexia, symptoms of schizophrenia, depression and hallucinations.

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