The amount of iodine needed by the body is relatively small. However, no matter how small the quantity needed, it is very critical for the body to have iodine present in the system to help regulate normal metabolism of cells and ensure the synthesis of thyroxine, a hormone made by the thyroid gland. Thyroid hormones are essential in all physiological functions. Thyroxine, in particular, is essential in maintaining growth, development and metabolic rate. The majority of the iodine in the body is stored in the thyroid gland, while others are found in the blood, saliva and stomach.

Iodine also functions in the body to prevent health conditions such as goiter, thyroid disorders and toxic exposure to radioactive materials. It also normalizes oxygen consumption and heat production.

The thyroid gland has many critical roles in the body and deficiency of this mineral can cause malfunctions in the body’s systems. Not only can iodine deficiency trigger many physiological problems, it can also bring about mental conditions and retardation. Symptoms such as depression and anxiety are common in iodine-deficient individuals. A health condition brought upon by iodine deficiency is the development of a goiter, the earliest and most common symptom of iodine deficiency. Goiter is characterized as a noticeable lump in the neck resulting from overstimulation of the thyroid gland. In this case, the thyroid gland is enlarged due to its attempt to trap as much iodine as possible. Goiter is an effect of a low-iodine diet. Foods that are lacking in iodine are most probably grown on iodine-poor soil.

Another condition called cretinism causes permanent mental and physical retardation in infants due to hypothyroidism. Other symptoms of iodine deficiency leading to hypothyroidism are weight gain, fatigue and weakness. Hyperthyroidism is also a cause of iodine deficiency and is characterized by appetite fluctuations, weight loss and rapid heartbeat.

To avoid deficiency of iodine, foods that are rich in iodine must be included in the regular diet. It is very important that the recommended daily value of iodine at 150 microgram/day (both for adult males and females) is met to ensure optimal health. Iodized salt is the best source of iodine and so is seafood. Other significant sources are eggs, meat, milk, poultry, seaweeds, kelp and vegetables grown on iodine-rich soil. There are certain foods, however, that block the absorption of iodine into the thyroid gland when eaten raw. Examples of this are cabbage, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, spinach and turnips. It is critical to cook these foods first before consumption to inactivate substances responsible for the blockage of iodine absorption.

Of course, as with all vitamins and minerals, excessive intake of iodine may cause serious health problems. High levels of iodine result in enlargement of the thyroid gland, just like in iodine deficiencies so it is also important to watch out not only for decreasing levels of iodine but for increasing levels as well. Overdose from iodine supplements and medications can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, weak pulse, burning mouth and throat, and coma.

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